Isomeric multi-hydrogen-bonding enables blue perovskite LEDs

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available in this paper and the Supplementary Information. Other data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the SSRF for providing the BL14B1, BL02U2 and BL01B beamtime and support. We thank S. Feng and R. Liu for their assistance with STEM and EDX measurements.

Funding

X.Y. discloses support for the research of this work from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC; T2525035 and 62174104), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFB3612404), the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader (22XD1421200), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (23ZR1423300), and the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (22YF1413500). L.K. discloses support for the research of this work from the NSFC (12504493) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. L.W. discloses support for the research of this work from the NSFC (12404479). N.W. discloses support for the research of this work from the NSFC (62321166653), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Jilin Province (20230101020JC), the Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. JYB2025XDXM403), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. All other authors declare no relevant funding.

Author information

Author notes

These authors contributed equally: Yuanzhi Wang, Chengxi Zhang, Yingguo Yang

Authors and Affiliations

Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

Yuanzhi Wang, Zirui Liu, Pu Du, Lin Wang, Sheng Wang & Xuyong Yang

School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China

Chengxi Zhang

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

Yingguo Yang

State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Yingguo Yang

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Lingmei Kong & Zirui Liu

College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China

Bin Zhao, Dongyuan Han & Ning Wang

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

Mengjia Cen & Yanjun Liu

Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Lyudmila Turyanska

Engineering section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan

Andrew Bruhacs

Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

Xuyong Yang

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atomic Control and Application of Inorganic 2D Supermaterials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

Xuyong Yang

Authors

Yuanzhi Wang

Chengxi Zhang

Yingguo Yang

Lingmei Kong

Bin Zhao

Zirui Liu

Pu Du

Dongyuan Han

Mengjia Cen

Lin Wang

Sheng Wang

Yanjun Liu

Lyudmila Turyanska

Andrew Bruhacs

Ning Wang

Xuyong Yang

Contributions

X.Y., N.W. and L.K. conceptualized the project and oversaw the work. Y.W. was responsible for fabricating and testing the LEDs. Y.Y. performed GIWAXS measurements and helped analyse the data. B.Z. conducted the theoretical calculations. M.C. acquired the optical microscopy images and analysed the data under the guidance of Y.L.; P.D. and D.H. contributed to the fabrication of the perovskite films and data collection. L.K., Z.L., L.W. and S.W. assisted with data analysis. Y.W. drafted the manuscript, which was revised by L.K., L.T., A.B., C.Z., N.W. and X.Y. All authors discussed the results and provided feedback on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to

Lingmei Kong, Ning Wang or Xuyong Yang.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature thanks Linsong Cui, Byungha Shin and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Device performance of deep-blue PeLEDs.

a, Electroluminescence spectra of perovskite devices at 6.6 V, with marked respective FWHM value. b, Angle-dependent emission data of the target device and ideal Lambertian profile. c, The EQE statistical histogram. d, Electroluminescence spectra of PeLED device (463 nm) with increasing voltages. e, Current density-voltage-luminance curves. f, EQE-current density curve. g, T50 measurements for the PeLEDs (463 nm) at an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2. h, The CIE coordinates corresponding to the PeLEDs. i, Summary of the reported maximum EQE of pure- and deep-blue PeLEDs.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Preferential orientation analysis.

Diffraction intensity of the perovskite films azimuthally integrated along the (100) ring.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Formation energy analysis.

a, b, The hydrogen bonding formation energies (a) and corresponding models (b) between different groups of OB+ and NB+.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Transient electroluminescence measurements of PeLEDs.

a-d, Transient electroluminescence signals for devices based on control (a), control+NBCl (b), OBCl/control (c) and target (OBCl/control+NBCl) (d) films with applied various impulse voltages.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Charge balance analysis.

a, Current density-voltage curves of hole-only (HOD) and electron-only (EOD) devices. b, c, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) spectra of high binding energy secondary-electron cutoffs and valence-band edge regions of PEDOT:PSS films (b) and perovskite films (c). d, Energy level diagram of the PEDOT:PSS and perovskite films obtained from parameters derived from UPS spectra indicating reduced injection barrier for hole carriers and simultaneously weakened n-type characteristics of the target perovskite. (EVAC, vacuum level; EF, Fermi level; EVB, valence band maximum; ECB, conduction band minimum).

Extended Data Fig. 6 Molecular dynamics calculations.

a, b, The trend of structural change of octahedral frame and corresponding electron localization function images of the control (a) and target (b) perovskites. c, d, Time-dependent bond angles (c) and the corresponding variance (d) of Br-Pb-Br in control, control+NBCl and target perovskites.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Morphological properties of perovskite films.

a-f, SEM images for the control (a, c, e) and target (b, d, f) perovskite films coated on ITO/PEDOT:PSS substrates.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Analysis of film uniformity.

a, b, Photoluminescence mapping of the control (a) and target (b) perovskite films. c, d, Photoluminescence spectra measured from various positions of the control (c) and target (d) perovskite films. Inset: schematic diagram of the measurement sites.

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Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Y. et al. Isomeric multi-hydrogen-bonding enables blue perovskite LEDs.

Nature (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10723-0

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Received: 06 October 2025

Accepted: 27 May 2026

Published: 01 July 2026

Version of record: 01 July 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10723-0