'You can't catch your breath' - how will Azteca altitude impact England?

Having reached the last 16 of the World Cup by scraping past DR Congo 2-1, one of the biggest dangers facing England in their next match against Mexico is something they can't control - altitude.

The Three Lions will be playing at the iconic Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, 7,220ft above sea level.

It will be England's first game at the stadium since their controversial quarter-final defeat by Argentina at the 1986 World Cup.

At that altitude, the Earth's barometric pressure is lower, making the air thinner and meaning less oxygen is taken into the bloodstream with each breath.

Even for professional footballers, that has a potentially significant impact - increased heart rate, shortness of breath, dehydration, quicker and more intense fatigue.

By contrast, the stadium at the highest altitude in professional English football is West Bromwich Albion's The Hawthorns, which at 551ft is 14 times closer to sea level than the Azteca.

Opponents Mexico have played all of their matches so far on home soil, and the squad is clearly used to coping with the conditions - they have played 14 games at the Azteca so far in the 2020s, scoring 23 goals and conceding only four.

Their competitive record at the Azteca is 70 wins from 89 games, with 17 draws and only two defeats. They are also unbeaten in 10 World Cup games there.

"As an opponent, you know when you go there, you are going to suffer," says Pavel Pardo, a former Mexico captain who also called the Azteca home when he played for domestic side Club America.

So, what will the altitude feel like for players out on the pitch, how big a difference could it make, and are there any strategies to cope with it?

Not many English players have played at the Azteca since 1986, but even with advances in sports science and smarter preparation, those who have insist the impact is significant.

"It's the most physically demanding place I ever played football," says Nigel Reo-Coker, the former West Ham midfielder who played in the Concacaf Champions League final at the Azteca for Montreal Impact in 2015.

"To come from Europe and play in that altitude is so difficult.

"You cannot catch your breath. The first 45 to 55 minutes you're literally just trying to keep breathing.

"It's about football intelligence – you really have to pick and choose your moments where you exert yourself."

The thinner air also means the ball can move faster when crossed, impacting how matches play out tactically.

Reo-Coker suggests yoga or pilates can be a big help, while also being aware of how to breathe from your diaphragm.

The conditions make it difficult for goalkeepers in particular, who might struggle to deal with the flight of the ball and timing of crosses, according to Jason de Vos, who was both a player and coach for Canada when they played at the Azteca.

"You can legitimately hit a ball and trouble the goalkeeper from 40 yards," says De Vos.

"You realise immediately that the game is going to be much quicker than you thought.

"As a coach, you have to change your tactics and adapt to the altitude. You have to change the fact that you want to press all game – you simply can't do that."

Ideally, athletes competing at high altitude should spend a week or two living at that level in order to allow their body acclimatise and generate more red blood cells.

But England will only be arriving in Mexico City two days before the match.

"Maximum aerobic capacity at this kind of altitude usually drops around 10%, and that has a knock-on to performance," says Dr. Barney Wainwright, senior research fellow at Leeds Beckett University.

"There will usually be a 15-20% increase in fatigue. For the distance it's possible to cover, we would expect that to drop by 5-10%.

"Players will produce lactate much more quickly, creating an acidity in the muscle which builds fatigue and slows them down.

"Maximum sprint speeds won't be affected, but players will need to wait a bit longer to recover from each one and go again.

"We need oxygen in the brain for perception and decision-making, so particularly in the moments of the game where players are working really hard, that could impact key decisions."

He adds: "England might want to slow things down more to allow the players time to recover between bouts of high intensity play."